Can I travel to Amsterdam from Stockholm only with a Schengen?
Nope, a residence permit is not a valid form of ID, so you would still need your passport to travel. That being said, if you avoid travelling by plane (e.g. by taking a train or car) the chances are probably around 99.9% that nobody will ever ask you for any documents. Please note that this is not legal advice. In fact, Id like to point out explicitly that its not legal to travel without ID. But its most certainly possible.